SQL Differences Between Impala and Hive

The current release of Impala does not support the following SQL features that you might be familiar with from HiveQL:

• Extensibility mechanisms such as TRANSFORM, custom file formats, or custom SerDes.
• The DATE data type.
• XML and JSON functions.
• Certain aggregate functions from HiveQL: covar_pop, covar_samp, corr, percentile, percentile_approx, histogram_numeric, collect_set; Impala supports the set of aggregate functions listed in Impala Aggregate Functions and analytic functions listed in Impala Analytic Functions.
• Sampling.
• Lateral views. In Impala 2.3 and higher, Impala supports queries on complex types (STRUCT, ARRAY, or MAP), using join notation rather than the EXPLODE() keyword. See Complex Types (Impala 2.3 or higher only) for details about Impala support for complex types.
• Multiple DISTINCT clauses per query, although Impala includes some workarounds for this limitation.
  Note:

  By default, Impala only allows a single COUNT(DISTINCT columns) expression in each query.

  If you do not need precise accuracy, you can produce an estimate of the distinct values for a column by specifying NDV(column); a query can contain multiple instances of NDV(column). To make Impala automatically rewrite COUNT(DISTINCT) expressions to NDV(), enable the APPX_COUNT_DISTINCT query option.

  To produce the same result as multiple COUNT(DISTINCT) expressions, you can use the following technique for queries involving a single table:

  select v1.c1 result1, v2.c1 result2 from
    (select count(distinct col1) as c1 from t1) v1
      cross join
    (select count(distinct col2) as c1 from t1) v2;
  

  Because CROSS JOIN is an expensive operation, prefer to use the NDV() technique wherever practical.

Impala does not currently support these HiveQL statements:

• ANALYZE TABLE (the Impala equivalent is COMPUTE STATS)
• DESCRIBE COLUMN
• DESCRIBE DATABASE
• EXPORT TABLE
• IMPORT TABLE
• SHOW TABLE EXTENDED
• SHOW INDEXES
• SHOW COLUMNS
• INSERT OVERWRITE DIRECTORY; use INSERT OVERWRITE table_name or CREATE TABLE AS SELECT to materialize query results into the HDFS directory associated with an Impala table.

Impala respects the serialization.null.format table property only for TEXT tables and ignores the property for Parquet and other formats. Hive respects the serialization.null.format property for Parquet and other formats and converts matching values to NULL during the scan. See Using Text Data Files with Impala Tables for using the table property in Impala.

This section covers instances where Impala and Hive have similar functionality, sometimes including the same syntax, but there are differences in the runtime semantics of those features.

Security:

Impala utilizes the Apache Sentry authorization framework, which provides fine-grained role-based access control to protect data against unauthorized access or tampering.

The Hive component now includes Sentry-enabled GRANT, REVOKE, and CREATE/DROP ROLE statements. Earlier Hive releases had a privilege system with GRANT and REVOKE statements that were primarily intended to prevent accidental deletion of data, rather than a security mechanism to protect against malicious users.

Impala can make use of privileges set up through Hive GRANT and REVOKE statements. Impala has its own GRANT and REVOKE statements in Impala 2.0 and higher. See Enabling Sentry Authorization for Impala for the details of authorization in Impala, including how to switch from the original policy file-based privilege model to the Sentry service using privileges stored in the metastore database.

SQL statements and clauses:

The semantics of Impala SQL statements varies from HiveQL in some cases where they use similar SQL statement and clause names:

• Impala uses different syntax and names for query hints, [SHUFFLE] and [NOSHUFFLE] rather than MapJoin or StreamJoin. See Joins in Impala SELECT Statements for the Impala details.
• Impala does not expose MapReduce specific features of SORT BY, DISTRIBUTE BY, or CLUSTER BY.
• Impala does not require queries to include a FROM clause.

Data types:

• Impala supports a limited set of implicit casts. This can help avoid undesired results from unexpected casting behavior.
  • Impala does not implicitly cast between string and numeric or Boolean types. Always use CAST() for these conversions.
  • Impala does perform implicit casts among the numeric types, when going from a smaller or less precise type to a larger or more precise one. For example, Impala will implicitly convert a SMALLINT to a BIGINT or FLOAT, but to convert from DOUBLE to FLOAT or INT to TINYINT requires a call to CAST() in the query.
  • Impala does perform implicit casts from string to timestamp. Impala has a restricted set of literal formats for the TIMESTAMP data type and the from_unixtime() format string; see TIMESTAMP Data Type for details.

  See Data Types for full details on implicit and explicit casting for all types, and Impala Type Conversion Functions for details about the CAST() function.

• Impala does not store or interpret timestamps using the local timezone, to avoid undesired results from unexpected time zone issues. Timestamps are stored and interpreted relative to UTC. This difference can produce different results for some calls to similarly named date/time functions between Impala and Hive. See Impala Date and Time Functions for details about the Impala functions. See TIMESTAMP Data Type for a discussion of how Impala handles time zones, and configuration options you can use to make Impala match the Hive behavior more closely when dealing with Parquet-encoded TIMESTAMP data or when converting between the local time zone and UTC.
• The Impala TIMESTAMP type can represent dates ranging from 1400-01-01 to 9999-12-31. This is different from the Hive date range, which is 0000-01-01 to 9999-12-31.

• Impala does not return column overflows as NULL, so that customers can distinguish between NULL data and overflow conditions similar to how they do so with traditional database systems. Impala returns the largest or smallest value in the range for the type. For example, valid values for a tinyint range from -128 to 127. In Impala, a tinyint with a value of -200 returns -128 rather than NULL. A tinyint with a value of 200 returns 127.

Miscellaneous features:

• Impala does not provide virtual columns.
• Impala does not expose locking.
• Impala does not expose some configuration properties.